Historically, daytime and nighttime hours have been associated with different—and even conflicting—personas, but with technology enabling round-the-clock illumination and productivity, society is functioning and flourishing at all hours of the 24/7 cycle. As such, cities around the world are creating roles for appointed or elected officials who are tasked with connecting and empowering their nighttime economies, community members, and political stakeholders.

These “night mayors” are attempting to change the perception of their cities after dark by using special evening programming, extended business hours, and improved community engagement. And, while they are often driven by the pursuit of economic stimulus in their cities, these nighttime advocates are also put in the position where they have to confront issues of accessibility, safety, and city illumination.

Municipalities such as Amsterdam, Paris, Geneva, Zurich, Berlin, and Tokyo are all part of the ever-growing list of cities with individuals or councils dedicated to their night economies. As recently as last November, the mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, appointed Amy Lamé as the city’s first ever “night czar” to promote nightlife industries such as clubs, bars, restaurants, and performance centers—all of which contribute up to $32 billion annually to the U.K.’s economy.

According to advocates such as Mirik Milan (scroll to the end of the article to read a Q+A with Milan), former club promoter and Amsterdam’s night mayor since 2012, bars and clubs serve a greater purpose than just drinking and dancing. “Nightlife is a place where creative people meet. It’s a place where innovation takes place,” Milan says. “And having a vibrant nightlife makes sure the city benefits from social, cultural, and economic perspectives.”

Although urban metropolises share common issues that they have to address such as safety, community engagement, and urban planning, when it comes to their nighttime persona, each city has a unique agenda. In Paris, for example, the challenge lies in translating the city’s nighttime needs to political and municipal policy. “What is important for Paris is that the city considers its nightlife an integral part of the whole of the city,” says the French capital’s first night mayor François Hocquard. After the Place de la République—which is located at the intersection of the third, 10th, and 11th arrondissements—was reconfigured from a vehicular thoroughfare to a pedestrian-only plaza in 2013 at the cost of €12 million (approximately $12.9 million), residents complained that the area lacked sufficient illumination at night. The initial construction plans had not fully accounted for the plaza’s nighttime occupancy as an all-pedestrian area and instead opted for minimum light levels knowing the surrounding streetlighting was quite bright. In the months following the project’s completion, lighting designer Yann Kersalé was brought back to expand his initial lighting design. “The largest difficulty is [ensuring] that the city at night is integrated as a primary dimension of city policy,” Hocquard says. Today, the area is illuminated with 16.5-meter-tall (54-feet-tall) poles that taper to a point at the top. Selux worked with the Kersalé to customize their Olivio LED luminaire fixture heads that are secured to the top of the poles and emit a white light for the pedestrians spaces and an orange light for the surrounding roadways.

In other cities, night mayors function as after-dark culture ambassadors who promote evening activities that engage local businesses and citizens. “I see my role mainly as a connector,” says Angela Verkuijlen, night mayor of Nijmegen in the Netherlands. With a group of seven “night counselors” who are her “eyes and ears all over the city,” Verkuijlen aggregates information on the community’s needs and challenges to mediate between the local government, business owners, and residents. Though elected by city voters in a process separate from municipal elections, Verkuijlen is actually the head of the nonprofit Stichting Nachtburgemeester Nijmegen (Nijmegen Night Mayor Foundation) that wields no enforceable power within the municipality. “What we see in the Netherlands is that in history, it was the municipality that made all the decisions,” Verkuijlen says. “[So we try] to connect creative people that have great ideas with the municipality so their ideas can be brought to action more easily.”

Mirik Milan—who has become the international voice for nightlife empowerment over the past several years and was responsible for organizing the first-ever Night Mayor Summit in April 2016—considers the creation of 24-hour venues a major success in promoting Amsterdam’s nightlife scene while respecting the needs of local residents. By allowing bars and clubs in certain neighborhoods to stay open at their discretion, the city now ensures the streets are no longer flooded with hundreds of revelers as was the case when venues were forced to close at 4 a.m. “If they’re [right] outside, the venue has the obligation to make sure that the people then leave the premises,” Milan says. “But [often once] they’re outside, they’re going to go home, and they’re not going to make a mess on the streets.” However, as night owls stay out later, questions of security and sufficient street illumination also arise.

With the guidance of Australian research center Designing Out Crime, Milan and Amsterdam officials are working together on a pilot program in Reimbrandtplein square—one of the city’s busiest destinations replete with hotels, clubs, and cafés—to create a safe, welcoming nighttime environment. The city has already installed wallgraze luminaries directly onto one of the five major building façades and has plans to install more to provide gentle but comprehensive illumination for the area. “The idea is that if it’s an environment in which you feel safe, you will behave better,” Milan says. On the advice from Designing Out Crime, the city has also reduced the light output of a large nearby advertising screen by 60 percent at night for a gentler-looking environment.

With the widespread success of these nighttime ambassadors, cities such as Sydney and Stockholm are considering implementing their own versions. According to Milan, representatives from San Francisco, Los Angeles, New York, and Austin, Texas, have all been in contact about Amsterdam’s program.

No longer are day and night being treated as disparate and conflicting entities; instead, cities across the globe are now accepting and embracing the varied activities that can take place at virtually any point in a 24-hour, seven-days-a-week cycle. Business, municipal, and resident stakeholders have a greater awareness of the economic and societal implications of this lifestyle, and are increasingly prioritizing their nighttime economies and making business and cultural ventures at night more feasible.

Q+A With Mirik Milan, Amsterdam’s Night Mayor

When did you become Amsterdam’s night mayor?
I started in 2012, but the role has existed since 2003. At first it was just a voluntary position, but we transformed it into an independent NGO in 2014.

Can you describe your responsibilities?
Our goal is to bridge the gap between the municipality and small businesses like nightclubs, but also city residents. We always say, by having a dialogue you can change the rules of the game.

In a way, I’m the eyes and the ears of the mayor by night. The reason we are independent is because we want to work on both sides. We help the city when new legislation is coming out of City Hall by explaining it to nightlife operators. But also, we lobby and try to explain to the city and to the City Counselors what is needed [to advance our agenda]. It’s really difficult to penetrate the city’s nightlife from your office in City Hall. And we are the liaison between the two sides.

Talk about the “festival approach” to moderating cities after dark.
At a festival, you can have 10,000 to 20,000 people attending. At the end of the day, you have one guy being caught for pick-pocketing and one fight. So we said, “OK, can we apply this same structure to the nightlife square?” [So we asked] what is it about festivals [that they remain relatively conflict-free]? You always have easy-on, easy-off access. You know what the program is, you know where to get drinks, you even know in which direction you should walk, and you always feel welcome.

This is why we were looking at [applying these ideas to] public spaces and also making sure that we have “square hosts” and better signage to inform people. There are now 20 “square hosts” who walk the streets every Friday and Saturday night between 9 p.m. and 5 a.m. and they are seen as nonaggressive. If there is a situation on the street, they try to de-escalate the situation. They are in contact, of course, with the police directly. They collect a lot of data. Every time somebody asks them something, they make a report about what’s happening.

What programs is Amsterdam planning for 2017?
Later in this year, we’re going to do a summit for and about women in nightlife. It will be about female entrepreneurship, about sexism, and safety. I think it’s really important to speak about [these issues] more, because even if I post something [online] about it, there are still people asking if this is really a problem.